6早稲田教育評論 第 39 巻第１号Table 1 ProblemsLanguage-related IssuesDifficulty understanding some words in context. Difficulty increases with the presence of low-frequency words.Content ChallengesUnderstanding difficult content and technical terms is challenging, even in L1 Japanese.Difficulty arises when the content is abstract or unfamiliar.Uncertainty about whether one’s understanding is correct. If technical terms and definitions are not correctly understood, other parts of the text remain unclear.Context-specific content （e.g., history） requires background knowledge to understand.Other FactorsLarge volume of reading leads to insufficient time, thus increasing the level of difficulty for any task.Limited time for online search due to a busy schedule.Support Request An interesting point made by two students was that the amount of reading assignments makes everything difficult on top of their busy course schedules; the resulting lack of time makes the pre-reading assignments difficult. One student mentioned that the difficulty in understanding arises from having to process a large volume of important information. As the amount of material increases, it becomes harder to process everything.There was one interesting comment from a student who had to read 50 pages for one pre-reading as-signment. On top of such large volume of reading for just one class, the topic was something for which she had no background knowledge. To make the matters worse, as she was in the teacher education program （kyoshokukatei）, she was taking as many as 18 courses in one semester, which she described as えげつない （egetsunai; “nasty”）. She therefore had to resort to ChatGPT to summarize each page. If she had no AI Difficulties and Support Request for Pre-class Reading AssignmentsStrategiesSearch online for information.Search online for background knowledge and information.Search online first and ask others.Revisit previous textbooks to solidify understanding.Read similar materials in Japanese beforehand.Search online for background knowledge and information.Use AI tools for reading when time is tight （e.g., example, take photos and use AI translation tools. Match English words and memorize）.By the fourth year, becoming familiar with terminology and improving reading speed.Provide handouts with special vocabulary usage.Provide explanations of technical terms beforehand.Provide a reading guide （see student’s comment）.Have TAs provide help for content that is hard to understand on one’s own.For context-specific content （e.g., history）, provide background information （e.g., summaries of important people and terms） on Moodle, if needed.Adjust the length of the reading range to a manageable size （e.g., if the coverage is 50 pages, limit the actual reading to summary sections only）.“Absolute amount of reading makes the level of what you do higher.”
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