2.62.72.31.01.10.81. Search for information on specialized subjects in English on the Internet2. Look up the meanings of unfamiliar words when reading specialized textbooks written in English3. Look up the pronunciation of unfamiliar words when reading specialized textbooks written in English （if you are in charge of the presentation）4. Look up the pronunciation of unfamiliar words when reading specialized textbooks written in English （if you are NOT in charge of the presentation）5. Read assigned chapters in specialized textbooks written in English6. Grasp an outline and general idea of specialized textbooks written in English7. Find specific information in specialized textbooks written in English8. Read carefully to understand the specialized content of textbooks written in English9. Read to memorize the specialized content （e.g., the definition of terms） of textbooks written in English10. Read and compare the contents from more than one literature written in English11. Translate a reading assignment written in English into Japanese12. Write a reflection in English after class13. Write questions to the instructor in English about the specialized content （e.g., on 0.80.70.70.70.50.90.80.80.90.90.70.80.90.80.90.82.11.93.13.12.93.02.83.32.12.32.12.42.82.53.02.81.01.20.60.70.71.01.21.21.21.31.20.91.21.40.91.43.01.83.33.33.02.52.01.81.51.61.10.52.12.43.32.10.70.70.90.90.92.72.83.13.13.31.01.41.41.21.21.81.91.42.91.4reflection papers, emails, bulletin boards in Moodle, etc.）written in English （e.g., websites and documents written for the public）YouTube, etc.） on the specialized contentFrequencyDifficultyMSDMSD0.82.22.20.60.83.281Table 1 Task Items by Category in the Questionnaire14. Write an email in English to the instructor to negotiate about a specialized subject class15. Define technical terms in English and write about them with examples16. Listen to the instructor’s explanation about the specialized content in English17. Write in English the important points of specialized textbooks and text materials 18. Write in English the important points of English audiovisual materials （videos, 19. Take notes in English on the instructor’s explanation of the specialized content20. Ask questions to the instructor in English about the specialized content21. Answer the discussion questions in English posed by the instructor22. Express opinions in English from different viewpoints from the instructorTaskBefore and After ClassLectureM = 3.1, SD = 0.7 for difficulty）, getting the main idea （Q6: M = 3.3, SD = 0.7 for frequency; M = 3.1, SD = 0.7 for difficulty）, finding specific information （Q7: M = 3.0, SD = 0.7 for frequency; M = 2.9, SD = 0.5 for difficulty）, and careful reading for comprehension of specialized content （Q8: M = 2.5, SD = 1.0 for frequency; M = 3.0, SD = 0.9 for difficulty） were all above the overall mean scores in terms of both frequency （M = 2.1, SD = 1.2） and difficulty （M = 2.7, SD = 0.8）. One notable point regarding the variability of the data is that some reading tasks （e.g., Q5, Q6, and Q7） have lower standard deviations for frequency than other tasks.
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