（Matsuda, 2001）. The results confirmed that even during the COVID-19 pandemic, which was supposed to profoundly affect people’s work styles, future planning among Japanese people continued to reflect the socially constructed views of gender roles before the pandemic.33ConclusionAuthor NoteThis study is unique in that it measures two aspects of future time allocation, prospective and ideal, which led to several interesting findings. First, the prospective and ideal aspects were not congruent for both men and women. Men had the ideal of reducing paid work and spending more time in family roles, which contrasts the traditional view of gender role division; however, their prospective outlook strongly reflected traditional gender norms. The prospective allocation of women’s time reflected the new gender division of labor rather than the traditional one, and ideal time allocation was in the direction of less work both inside and outside the home. This study further examined the determinants of prospective parenting time and showed that for both men and women, social norms have a positive effect and prospective work-ing time has a negative effect. This suggests that to bring time allocation closer to the ideal, support and intervention should focus on reducing pressure from social norms and then restructuring time allocation and acquiring time management skills to effectively use a limited 24-hour day.While this study provides a useful perspective to support young people in planning for their futures, it has some areas for improvement. One concerns individual differences. This study did not narrow down the industries and occupations desired by the participants, but it is apparent that different industries and organizations have different time management, work styles, and cultures. In addition, the ideal allocation of time will differ depending on the individual’s work values and lifestyle preferences. Further studies are expected to consider these individual differences. Another point pertains to the concept of time allocation by domain. In this study, time allocation was measured by taking the total of the five domains to 10, with the assumption that allocating more time to one domain would reduce the time available for other domains. This concept presupposes an additive relation between work and family life and fails to consider the effects of work–life integration. Indeed, the relation between work and family life is not only additive but must also be multiplicative where both produce a multiplier effect. Future research on time allocation would benefit from exploring the dynamic relations between multiple domains.This paper reported a portion of the results of a survey funded by the KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research （C） 20K0333523. The results of the analyses on gendered career choices, the main theme of this survey, were reported in Adachi, T. （2023）. Psychological factors of gendered career choices: Examining gender stereotypes, self-efficacy, and interests, Asia Pacific Career Development Journal. Data analysis, literature review, and the writing of this manuscript were supported by the Waseda University Grant for Special Research Projects.
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