24Purposeeach domain activity, Adachi （2018a） investigated time allocation by asking working parents to assign nu-merical values to each activity so that the total score is 10. The results on real and ideal allocations showed that mothers allocated more time than fathers to the domestic roles of housework and child-rearing, while fathers allocated more time than mothers to out-of-home activities of paid work, learning, and leisure. In addition, these gender differences have been consistently observed in both real- and ideal time allocations （Adachi, 2018a）. A study that adopted the same method to examine college students’ future time allocation showed results similar to those of working parents, with female students allotting more time to domestic roles such as housework and child-rearing and male students distributing more time to activities outside the home such as paid work and leisure （Adachi, 2018b）. This indicates that unmarried men and women with no experience in full-time work allocate their time according to the traditional view of the gender division of labor and observed how men and women of the working generation allocate their time.With respect to the findings on working parents （Adachi, 2018a） and college students （Adachi, 2018b）, it is necessary to consider that for working parents, a gap exists between their ideal and reality and that housework differed according to gender, with fathers spending less time than ideal and mothers spending more time than ideal. Thus, it is unclear whether college students’ future time allocations reflect their ideals or social norms or practical constraints, such as the inability to allocate time because of other activities. To address this issue, the present study measured two types of future time allocations: prospective and ideal. In addition, the results from Adachi (2018ab), obtained before the COVID-19 pandemic, do not reflect the introduction of flexible work settings such as telework availability, a working style that is not bound by time or place. In Japan, flexible work under a declared state of emergency has led to an increase in child-rearing time for both fathers and mothers as their work time was reduced; in some cases, men’s participation in child-rearing increased （Gender Equality Bureau Cabinet Office, 2022）. The report also revealed that 16.3% of parents believed that “the division of roles changed in the wake of COVID-19 pandemic, and the change is still generally ongoing,” suggesting that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on how Japanese people used their time in their daily lives. Meanwhile, the study pointed out constant structural problems based on the stereotyped perceptions of gender roles, which hinder work–life balance. In other words, although COVID-19 has had a certain effect in closing the gender gap in time allocation, the traditional view of gender roles and the division of labor has persisted as an obstacle to balanced time allocation. This state of the working generation and deeply rooted gender norms is expected to have an unmitigated impact on young people’s future plans.This study analyzed data on Japanese college students’ time allocation planning obtained in October 2021, when activities were restricted because of COVID-19. It measured the prospective and ideal of future time allocations and examined whether differences exist between the two, as well as whether gender accounts for such differences, and discussed changes between the current results and those obtained before COVID-19 （Adachi, 2018ab）. In addition, this study also measured the time allocation expected for men and women as a social norm.
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