232011）. In a study of Japanese civil servants, long working hours led to work–family conflicts for both men and women, while being married and raising children were strong determinants of such conflict for women （Fujimura, Sekine, & Tatsuse, 2014）. A survey of Japanese IT engineers with children found no gender differences in the total amount of work–family conflict, but work–family interference was higher for men than for women, which can be attributed to the long hours that 44.4% of the male respondents spent working, with overtime exceeding 50 hours per month. Meanwhile, home–work interference was higher for women than for men. Although women worked fewer hours than men with more flexible schedules, the conflict factor rests in the limited time available to balance work with child-rearing and housework （Watai, Nishikido, & Murashima, 2008）.Time Allocation among Multiple DomainsThus, substantial research has investigated the relation between time allocation and the work–family interface; to this end, these studies adopted an objective index for measuring the time spent on each activity, such as XX hours and XX minutes. Recently, however, subjective and psychological sense of time has received particular attention. A study of full-time female employees found that although work–family conflict increases with longer working hours, the influence of the latter on the former is reduced when workers control for the ability to leave the office on time （Huang, Fang, & Tang, 2020）. This implies that people who work longer hours voluntarily are less likely to experience work–family conflict and that the same hours of work have different effects depending on whether or not the work was voluntary. In a study focusing on university faculty members, the discrepancy between their actual and preferred time allocations was found to affect their job satisfaction, psychological well-being, and physical well-being, and such a discrepancy is an important factor that should not be overlooked by both organizations and working individuals （Dahm, Glomb, Manchester, & Leroy, 2015）. These discussions highlight the value of considering subjective and psychological aspects when examining time allocation, especially whether or not it was intentional on the part of the workers themselves.Another important perspective for investigating time allocation is the relative link between each area of activity. The ILO （2018） stated that paid and unpaid work are closely related from a macroeconomic perspective, which can be expanded to an individual macro perspective. Simply put, within a limited time of 24 hours a day, allocating more time to one activity will reduce the amount of time available for other areas. In addition, the interrelations between these activity areas vary by gender. Studies on investment in work roles and family roles have reported an asymmetrical relation between the two; that is, increased investment in work roles reduces time for family, while the impact of investment in family roles on work time is lim-ited. With regard to gender, the study found that women’s work time decreased as their investment in their family increased, but no such effect was found for men （Rothbard & Edwards, 2003）. Overall, examining the relative connection between activity areas by focusing on differences between men and women is a worthwhile endeavor.Considering the importance of subjective and psychological sense of time and the relative relevance of
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