209Educational aid in West Africa during the period of independence: Africanization of international and bilateral aidThe purpose of this paper is to examine how educational reforms̶in particular the Africanization of education̶in West Africa immediately after independence were perceived and implemented in the context of international and French aid to education.In the 1960s, when many African countries gained their independence, there was a growing international momentum towards the diffusion and reform of education in Africa. This was triggered by the Addis Ababa and Tananarive conferences organized by UNESCO. At both conferences, specific numerical targets for education were set and an Africanization of education was advocated, whereby the content of education would be rooted in African social culture. However, the majority of education aid in West Africa was established through bilateral agreements with France, the former suzerain, and the content of the education aid implemented by France was far from the Africanization of education.The advocacy of the concept of Africanization, in which education is adapted to African society and culture, was a new perspective that emerged only after the colonies gained independence, but it is also possible that it was the result of political performances unique to the transitional period immediately after independence. There is still room to consider whether the African population truly demanded Africanization.In addition, while France used the term Africanization in its aid to education, it did not initiate actual Africanization, and the relationship between France and its former colonies in West Africa with regard to education did not change significantly after independence.Ritsu TANIGUCHI
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