Secondary Education for Girls under the Japanese Occupation: Focusing on the Mongols in Manchukuo914. Xing’an Girls Academy4.1 Background of the establishmentinstitutions with a study period of 1–3 years, established in areas where it was difficult to establish a national school） with 3,526 students, and 92 “Kokumin gijuku” （private Kokumin gakusha, equivalent to a private school） with 2,334 students （Manshukoku Tushinsha Shuppanbu, 1938）.At the same time, secondary schools were established in the capital city of Xing’an Province, Wangyemiao （present-day Ulaanhot City）. For example, the Xing’an Institute was established in 1935. Financed by the government, the aim of the institute was to train Mongolian middle-class people. Only those considered to be elite entered the junior high school. In addition, in 1941, a teacher training school （2 years） was built （Neimenggu Jiaoyu Zhi Bianwei［, 1995）. The Xing’an Military Academy, located in Wangyemiao, focused on training the elite among the Mongolian youth. The Xing’an Military Academy was founded by the first military advisor of the Xing’an Southern Province Security Force, Captain Kosaku Kanekawa （?–1950）, in Zhengjiatun in 1934, and was moved to Wangyemiao in 1935.The following discussion is based on an article by Sobud （a first-year student in XGNHS and former deputy professor at the Inner Mongolia Institute of Education） and supplemented by other historical documents （Sobud, 2005）. The following quotations, unless otherwise noted, are from this paper.The Xing’an Girls Academy was a Mongolian educational institution for girls that developed in three stages, first as the Xing’an Vocational Girls School and then as XGNHS. The Xing’an Girls Academy was established at the initiative of Captain Kosaku Kanekawa （Kainou, 1999）. Kanekawa had led the Mongolian troops as a military instructor at Xing’an in 1932, and was appointed the first military advisor of the Xing’an Army in 1933. He emphasized education and hygiene for the promotion of Mongolian society. In March 1936, under Kanekawa’s guidance, the Military Department Hospital in Tongliao recruited six Mongolian nurse students. This led to the second phase of the initiative, establishment of the Xing’an Girls Academy in Tongliao in 1937.The school was established by the military in order to create good wives and wise mothers for Mongolian military officers and bureaucrats. Kimiko Yamane, a teacher who taught at the Xing’an Vocational Girls School, wrote in a memorandum, “The school was intended to train so-called intellectual women, such as the wives of officers in the Xing’an Army （Mongolian soldiers）, and I was particularly requested to infuse the Japanese style of Yamato Nadeshiko （Japanese spirit） into the school. The aim was to nurture good wives and wise mothers” （Yamane, personal communication）. The naming of the school involved great discussion. Initially, the Japanese wanted to name the school “Bride Academy” in order to create the image of a school for brides. However, there were no schools of this kind in China, and Mongolian women were disgusted by such a school name. Therefore, the name of the school was changed to “Xing’an Girls Academy.”
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