88早稲田教育評論 第 36 巻第１号1. About Xing’an Provincelearn in response to the Japanese intentions? Based on documents of the time as well as from the notes and personal communication of the people involved, this study attempts to analyze the actual situation of schools in Manchukuo, including the circumstances of their establishment, educational content, student life, the relationship between teachers and students, and the career and life of the graduates.It has been more than 75 years since the end of World War II. During the Japanese military occupation of Manchukuo and other areas, ethnic minorities such as the Mongols played an important role （Shimbo, 2021）. However, the compilation of the study of the education of Mongolians is still in progress. As for research on the history of Mongolian education under Japanese occupation, there are studies by Bao Tie-mei and Naheya （Bao Tie-mei, 2005; Naheya 2012）. However, they have revealed only a part of the Japanese occupation policy. This study is significant in that it clarifies the actual situation of secondary education for girls belonging to ethnic minorities under the Japanese occupation in Manchukuo.The remainder portion of this paper is structured as follows. First, an overview of Xing’an Province will be provided, followed by an examination of the history of Mongolian education in Eastern Inner Mongolia where Xing’an Province was located, and of the education system after the creation of Manchukuo. Second, the three stages of development of XGNHS will be discussed. Third, I will discuss the expected role of female Japanese teachers. Finally, I will provide insights into what the graduates of XGNHS thought during the Japanese occupation and how they progressed afterwards based on the notes of the graduates of XGNHS. This study is based on primary sources such as materials related to Kimiko Yamane, who taught at Xing’an Vocational Girls School, and notes of graduates of XGNHS.The Eastern Inner Mongolia region has primarily been inhabited by Mongols since ancient times. However, under the Qing Dynasty, the migration of Han Chinese to the region became more active. The Mongols, who were cattle herders, and the Han Chinese, who were agriculturalists, had fundamentally conflicting interests; the cultivation of land by the Han Chinese violated the living space of the Mongols. Though the Qing Dynasty later banned the migration of Han Chinese to Mongolian land, the influx continued. In the wake of the Xinhai Revolution, large-scale land grabbing was carried out by the Han Chinese, intensifying the conflict between the two groups （Yoneuchiyama, 1943）.These ethnic conflicts resulted in the emergence of a Mongol independence movement in Eastern Inner Mongolia during the Republican period. The movement was particularly inspired by the “independence of the Mongolian People’s Republic” （1911）, which was triggered by the Xinhai Revolution （Zenrin Kyokai Chosabu, 1938）. In the meantime, the Kwantung Army staged the Manchurian Incident in 1931 and began invading northeastern China, resulting in the establishment of Manchukuo in 1932 （Yamamuro,1993）. The Japanese military adroitly took advantage of the Mongol independence movement to bring Eastern Inner Mongolia under its control （Inaba, Kobayashi, and
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